[268], Bahrain invests little in research and development. The University of London External has appointed MCG (Management Consultancy Group) as the regional representative office in Bahrain for distance learning programmes. Precipitation mostly occurs in winter, with an average of 70.8mm of rainfall recorded annually. He also stated that "In Bahrain, the government continue to question, detain and arrest Shia clerics, community members and opposition politicians. In the mid-15th century, the archipelago came under the rule of the Jabrids, a Bedouin dynasty also based in Al-Ahsa that ruled most of eastern Arabia. [97] The period between 2002 and 2010 saw three parliamentary elections. In addition to the Arabian Gulf University, AMA International University and the College of Health Sciences, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain. DUBAI (Reuters) - Bahrain is expected to raise $2 billion in a three-tranche bond sale on Wednesday, a document showed, after the coronavirus pandemic and low oil prices exacerbated its fiscal deficit and pushed total outstanding debt to nearly $40 billion. [254] Bahrain's national carrier, Gulf Air operates and bases itself in the BIA. Malayalam, Tamil, Bangla and Hindi are spoken among significant Indian communities. [319] Ali Al Shargawi, a decorated longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary icon of Bahrain. [12], Arabic is the official language of Bahrain, though English is widely used. [242] In 2016 Bahrain used 8.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. The quasi-governmental women's group, the Supreme Council for Women, trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election. [303] The Ministry of Health sponsors regular vaccination campaigns against TB and other diseases such as hepatitis B. [239] In 2011, due to the combination of the global financial crisis and the recent unrest, the gdp growth rate decreased to 1.3%, which was the lowest growth rate since 1994. Some of the popular historical tourist attractions in the kingdom are the Al Khamis Mosque, which is one of the oldest mosques in the region, the Arad fort in Muharraq, Barbar temple, which is an ancient temple from the Dilmunite period of Bahrain, as well as the A'ali Burial Mounds and the Saar temple. [76], In the early 19th century, Bahrain was invaded by both the Omanis and the Al Sauds. [16] Bahrain's ruling al-Khalifa royal family has been criticized for violating the human rights of groups including dissidents, political opposition figures, and its majority Shia Muslim population.[17]. It consists of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment with the highest point the 134 m (440 ft) Mountain of Smoke (Jabal ad Dukhan). The resulting clash with police soon grew into civil unrest. [337] The decision to hold the race despite ongoing protests and violence[338] has been described as "controversial" by Al Jazeera English,[339] CNN,[340] AFP[341] and Sky News. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, following the conquest by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire. Self-censorship is widespread. In 1965 a month-long uprising broke out after hundreds of workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off. [328], Association football is the most popular sport in Bahrain. [295] The project's objective is to connect all schools within the kingdom with the Internet. [232] Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth-freest overall in the world based on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal. The series has not returned since. Although Bahrain released 1,486 prisoners in March due to Covid-19, the releases have excluded opposition leaders, activists, journalists, and human rights defenders – … "Bahrainona" (Nosso Bahrein) é o hino nacional do Bahrein. [310], Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours; the traditional attire of women usually include the hijab or the abaya. [260] A nationwide metro system is currently under construction and is due to be operational by 2023. [252] Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League and Asian Tourism for 2014 with the Gulf Capital of Tourism for 2016 by The Gulf Cooperation Council. The predominant forms of media in Bahrain consists of weekly and daily newspapers, television, and radio. [107], Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again. Bahrain's largest islands are Bahrain Island, the Hawar Islands, Muharraq Island, Umm an Nasan, and Sitra. [12] The north of the country is so urbanised that it is considered by some to be one large metropolitan area.[273]. [52][53], Traditional Islamic accounts state that Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami was sent as an envoy during the Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Hisma)[54][55] to the Bahrain region by the prophet Muhammad in AD 628 and that Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi, the local ruler, responded to his mission and converted the entire area. [48][51] The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language. The re-opening of the King Fahd Causeway will add billions of dollars to Bahrain's economy as … Worshipers built a large statue to Awal in Muharraq, although it has now been lost. [citation needed] According to the 2001 census, 81.2% of Bahrain's population was Muslim, 10% were Christian, and 9.8% practised Hinduism or other religions. The kingdom combines modern Arab culture and the archaeological legacy of five thousand years of civilisation. [142] In 2003, Bahrain banned the capture of sea cows, marine turtles and dolphins within its territorial waters. [326], In 2018, Cricket was introduced in Bahrain under initiative of KHK Sports and Exelon. Relations with the United Kingdom became closer, as evidenced by the British Royal Navy moving its entire Middle Eastern command from Bushehr in Iran to Bahrain in 1935. The bonds sold on Wednesday came as the country deals with the country’s financial difficulties, which have grown over the coronavirus pandemic and the resultant low oil prices. [2] Bahrani Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect of the Arabic language, though it differs widely from standard Arabic, like all Arabic dialects. In 1521, the Portuguese Empire allied with Hormuz and seized Bahrain from the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil, who was killed during the takeover. Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization. [187][188][189][190][191], In 2011, Bahrain was criticised for its crackdown on the Arab spring uprising. [35], The Greek historian Strabo believed the Phoenicians originated from Bahrain. [141] They are: Bahrain under the Al-Khalifa is a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. The theft and removal of the Black Stone caused it to break into seven pieces.[58][59][60]. In 2008, approximately 290,000 Indian nationals lived in Bahrain, making them the single largest expatriate community in the country, the majority of which hail from the south Indian state of Kerala. [26] The island and kingdom were also commonly spelled Bahrein[15][27] into the 1950s. The country's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish in the offshore waters. Manama has been declared Capital of Gulf Tourism 2016 by the Ministers of Tourism of GCC member states at a meeting to discuss measures aimed at boosting internal tourism in GCC countries. Iran is alleged by United States and others to have a hand in the arming of Bahraini militants. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain. [70], The Al Bin Ali were the dominant group controlling the town of Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula,[71][72] originally the center of power of the Bani Utbah. Originally, their ancestors were expelled from Umm Qasr in central Arabia by the Ottomans due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trading ships in Shatt al-Arab waterway until Turks expelled them to Kuwait in 1716, where they remained until 1766. Locally called "Eid Al Oumal" (Workers' Day). The judgment was criticized by Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, the director of advocacy at the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy, who stated: “Today’s verdict is yet another dark stain in the struggle for human rights in Bahrain.”[212], The 761-page World Report 2021 published by the Human Rights Watch in January 2021 revealed that the situation of human rights didn’t improve in Bahrain in 2020. [28] Bahrain was later ruled by the Assyrians and Babylonians. [218] The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections. When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third woman in history to head the world body. The V8s returned every November to the Sakhir circuit until 2010, in which it was the second event of the series. The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40, Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132. In 1330, the archipelago became a tributary state of the rulers of Hormuz,[25] though locally the islands were controlled by the Shi'ite Jarwanid dynasty of Qatif. [157], The kingdom has a small but well equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), numbering around 13,000 personnel. Bahrain will be the first Asian and Arab country to host the amateur MMA championship. [159][160], The BDF is primarily equipped with United States equipment, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-5 Freedom Fighter, UH-60 Blackhawk, M60A3 tanks, and the ex-USS Jack Williams, an Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate renamed the RBNS Sabha. In 2016, Bahrain had 0.52 global hectares [241] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. [80], Following the Qatari–Bahraini War in 1868, British representatives signed another agreement with the Al Khalifas. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in Muharraq. It is harder to judge the contribution of women to research, as the data for 2013 only cover the higher education sector. [143], In 1973, the country held its first parliamentary elections; however, two years later, the late emir dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution after parliament rejected the State Security Law. Bahrain hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March of that year. [268], In 2010, Bahrain's population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals. [309] Intermarriages between Bahrainis and expatriates are not uncommon—there are many Filipino-Bahrainis like Filipino child actress Mona Marbella Al-Alawi. [301] The first public hospital, and also tertiary hospital, to open in Bahrain was the Salmaniya Medical Complex, in the Salmaniya district of Manama, in 1957. [224] The municipality was in charge of cleaning roads and renting buildings to tenants and shops. Passengers from Bahrain arriving in Abu Dhabi are exempted from a 10-day quarantine. Notable holidays in the country are listed below: Coordinates: 26°01′39″N 50°33′00″E / 26.02750°N 50.55000°E / 26.02750; 50.55000, This article is about the country in Arab Peninsula. [200] On 7 July 2016, the European Parliament adopted, with a large majority, a resolution condemning human rights abuses performed by Bahraini authorities, and strongly called for an end to the ongoing repression against the country's human rights defenders, political opposition and civil society. Alternatively, travelers to the U.S. may provide documentation from a licensed health care provider of having recovered from COVID-19 in the 90 …

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